No. 3 - Spanish Conquest of the Americas Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers who played a major role in the discovery and mapping of the New World, but they left a trail of blood along the way. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, conquistadors waged war on the indigenous peoples of North and South America, devastating communities through the use of guns and the introduction of diseases such smallpox and diphtheria. No one knows how many people died as a result of the Spanish conquest of the Americas, but some historians estimate that between 90 and 95 percent of the indigenous population of the New World was wiped out.
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